Q What is onion downy mildew?
A A leaf disease of the onion family that can get inside the bulbs later. Onion downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) infects bulb onions, salad onions, shallots, perennial onions and some ornamental onions.
Caption: Onion downy mildew occurs after damp weather
Q How do I recognise onion downy mildew?
A At first, leaf tips go yellow, often as spots and patches. Next, a fine whitish down develops on the infected patches. They soon become a dull brown-purple, when the weather is humid enough. When this happens, it's producing spores that will spread to other plants. All the foliage is attacked and eventually destroyed. When conditions are dry, the spots don't develop into the purple stage.
Bulbs from infected crops will develop problems if they are stored. Watch out for soft, shrivelled ones and ones that sprout early. Downy mildew thrives in mild, humid conditions and can remain in the soil for several years every week or two. It seems to be especially common when there are mild winters and where many overwintered onion crops are grown.
Q What could I mistake onion downy mildew for?
A Other leaf diseases look similar to the early stages of downy mildew. Leaf rot speckles the leaves with pale spots, but doesn't turn into the devastating downy stage. Leaf blotch produces patches of concentric rings of dead leaf spots, rather than spreading downy areas.
Neck rot of stored bulbs differs from downy mildew; bulbs affected by the former will have softness around the necks, black sclerotia (fungus) and dry mould associated with the rotting areas.
Q When should I expect onion downy mildew?
A It needs wet weather to moisten foliage for two to four hours and temperatures of 10-12°C for the spores to 'germinate' and infect plants. Overwintered plants are most at risk from early attacks.
Q What can I do about onion downy mildew?
A Onion downy mildew persists in the soil for several years. If possible, have a rotation that avoids growing onions in the same place for at least four years. Always clean up remaining infected material after a crop. Ideally, get rid of it before any overwintered onions come up.
Keep an eye on tree onions and other perennial alliums; if they appear to be carrying the disease, consider replacing them with clean stock. Bear in mind that the disease can spread on the breeze from outside your plot, so there is a limit to how easy it is to avoid in gardens.
Downy mildew thrives where the air is humid, so it helps to space plants widely apart. About 30cm between rows should aid airflow. Also, keep weeds under control. Avoid growing plants in low-lying sheltered places or badly drained sites; improve drainage if possible. Raised beds are often a good solution for heavy soils.
Watch out for infected plants and remove them as soon as they are seen. This can be especially useful in preventing overwintered onions spreading the disease to the new crop.
Caption: Space plants to encourage good airflow which will help prevent downy mildew
Q Can onion downy mildew be treated with sprays?
A Unfortunately the only protective fungicide available to gardeners has been withdrawn, so there are currently no approved chemical controls.
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